Insights

Authors – Paulius Čerka, Jurgita Grigienė, Gintarė Sirbikytė.

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Systems of Artificial Intelligence (SAI) can be deemed subjects of law. This aim is formulated according to the technical capabilities integrated in SAI and the SAI’s ability to interact independently with other legal subjects. SAI features, such as direct connection with intellectual skills, the ability to understand, learn and make autonomous decisions may cause situations where autonomous systems based on AI will make decisions which will be in the best interests of individuals, even though conflicting with the user’s own will.

To consider the possibility of SAI being recognized as possessing legal personality, we analyse the concept and features of SAI and define its operating principles. We give hypothetical examples to demonstrate the necessity of SAIs being recognized as such. The paper undertakes legal personality analysis of SAI performed: (i) using the philosophical and legal concepts of a subject (person); (ii) discussing artificial (unnatural subjects of law) as an alternative to the recognition of legal personality of SAI; (iii) using elements of legal personality set for natural and legal persons.

The analysis leads to the conclusion that the scope of SAI rights and obligations will not necessarily be the same as the scope of rights and obligations of other subjects of law. Thus, SAI could only have rights and obligations that are strictly defined by legislators. This conclusion suggests that the result of this paper may be its use in further research defining the scope of SAI rights and obligations.

Autorius – Karolis Kubilevičius

Straipsnyje analizuojama ar neblaivus asmuo turi teisę valdyti autonominį automobilį, esamų įstatymų bei rūpestingumo pareigos kontekste. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje nagrinėjama autonominio automobilio specifika. Visų pirma buvo nustatyta, kad kalbant apie neblaivaus asmens teisę valdyti autonominį automobilį, autorius problemą nagrinės tik pilnai autonominio automobilio kontekste. Nagrinėjant autonominių automobilio vystymosi eigą bei prognozes, nustatyta, kad neblaiviam asmeniui Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos įstatymai nedraudžia valdyti autonominio automobilio, o Europos Sąjunga, dėl įstatymų nebuvimo – draudžia. Toliau autorius išskiria autonominio automobilio valdymo ypatumus. Nustatyta, kad autonominio automobilio valdymo ypatumai – valdymas be žmogaus daromos įtakos, leidžia teigti santykį artimesnį naudojimui (keleiviui) nei valdymui, nes už žmogų viską atlieka autonominė sistema.

Antroje straipsnio dalyje analizuojamas alkoholio poveikis, transporto priemonės valdytojo rūpestingumo pareigos kontekste. Nustatyta, kad net ir nedidelis alkoholio kiekis trukdo vairuotojo rūpestingumo pareigos vykdymui. Toliau autorius išanalizavo alkoholio apribojimo vairuotojams teisinį reglamentavimą. Analizuojant buvo remtasi Lietuvos bei užsienio valstybių įstatymais. Nustatyta, kad maksimalus leistinas alkoholio kiekis priklauso nuo kelių būklės, avarijų skaičiaus bei kitų politinių ir ekonominių klausimų.

Paskutinėje straipsnio dalyje, autorius apibendrino straipsnyje išdėstytą argumentaciją bei išdėstė savo nuomonę dėl neblaivaus asmens teisės valdyti autonominį automobilį. Nors techninių kliūčių nėra, tačiau teisė neblaiviam asmeniui valdyti autonominį automobilį nėra absoliuti. Siekiant nustatyti iki kokio lygio neblaivus asmuo turi teisę valdyti autonominį automobilį, būtina atlikti atskirus tyrimus, analizuojant: kelių infrastruktūrą, transporto, švietimo sistemas, politinio ir ekonominio tikslingumo klausimus.

Author – Karolis Kubilevičius

With the age of technology, new ways to gamble have become possible. Enterprises offering services through virtual platforms have started selling virtual goods to persons of any age. By adding an element of chance and making the virtual good randomized, the user who is spending legal currency to purchase it does not know what he is going to get. Naturally, once a person does not receive his desired virtual good, he is more likely to purchase another virtual good and thus in the process risk getting addicted and suffering side effects of compulsive gambling.

Consequently, in the first paragraph, the author analysed definition and legal regulation of a virtual good in the context of gambling. It was established that a virtual good is an intangible object, which only exists in a digital form and can be purchased with legal currency, but can only be used in an online system or any other similar platform by a single person at the same time. Furthermore, the author found that countries are reluctant to regulate the sale of randomized virtual goods with an exception to a few selected countries.

Secondly, the author analysed the definition of gambling and its negative effects on a person. The author found that gambling consists of three elements: an element of chance; an element of prize and an element of consideration. If one element is removed, the activity can no longer be treated as gambling. Moreover, after conducting an overview of related research, it was established that addiction to gambling can cause biological, psychiatric and social consequences to a person.

Finally, in the last paragraph the author analysed the online gambling regulations in the European Union. The author found that online gambling regulations scope and reach varies from country to country, with each country having different limitations on gambling.

Author – Dr. Paulius Astromskis

This pilot research provides a systematic review of Law & Tech master programs in selected European Union (EU) universities. The systematic multi-stage sampling process completed the list of 38 Law & Tech master programs, offered by 35 leading universities in 11 high-tech EU member states, for extraction and grouping of almost 600 subjects offered in these programs. This analysis exposed the frequency of subject appearance in the sample of programs, followed by the choice of 16 most frequent subjects using the rule of thumb for a hypothetical Law & Tech master program. Moreover, this analysis revealed the need of inquiry into (i) the alternative practices of technology related skills infusion into the law curriculum; and (ii) variables that impact the choices of Law & Tech program’s structure and curriculum. Following these conclusions, universities in the Netherlands were purposively selected for content analysis of their Law & Tech program’s descriptions. Such inquiry enabled categorization of arguments that supports radical inclusion of technology’s domain into law’s curriculum, thus completing the list of key variables for further research on Future of Legal Education.

Keywords: Technology Law, Legal Technologies, Law & Tech, LegalTech, Legal Education